Temperate forests have been fundamentally altered by land use and other stressors
globally; these have reduced the abundance of primary and old-growth forests in particular …

Mountain forests are among the most important ecosystems in Europe as they support
numerous ecological, hydrological, climatic, social, and economic functions. They are …

Due to traditional forest management, the primary goal of which is the production of raw
wood material, commercial forest stands are characterized by low biodiversity. At the same …

The term close-to-nature silviculture already contains some ambiguity since (silvi) culture
implies the act of forest use. This notion was coined a long time ago by well-known …

Deadwood is an important structural feature in forests providing essential resources for
various organisms. Both forest management and conservation are increasingly focusing on …

Much of our understanding of natural forest dynamics in the temperate region of Europe is
based on observational studies in old‐growth remnants that have emphasized small‐scale …

Detection of tree spatial patterns and structural attributes in a forest stand can provide critical
information on occurring dynamics, and steer management decisions. However, since tree …

We investigated forest canopy gaps in the mixed beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), silver fir (Abies
alba Miller), and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) old-growth forest of Lom in the …

Background Carbon (C) sink and stock are among the most important ecosystem services
provided by forests in climate change mitigation policies. In this context, old-growth forests …

Montane forests of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the
Dinaric region are the largest continuous forest area in Central Europe, where silver fir's …