Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

Background Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a treatment strategy which stimulates
the human immune system to kill tumor cells. Tumor immunotherapy is based on immune …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer,
negatively expresses estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and the human epidermal …

Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of various types of cancers.
However, most of these immunomodulatory strategies focus on harnessing adaptive …

Background Recently, therapeutic antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and
its ligand (PD-L1) have exerted potent anticancer effect in a variety of tumors. However …

T helper (Th) cells have received extensive attention owing to their indispensable roles in
anti-tumor immune responses. Th1 and Th2 cells are two key subsets of Th cells that exist in …

The PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cancer immune evasion, and the
use of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies represents a significant milestone in cancer …

Tumor immunotherapy, as the focus of scientific research and clinical tumor treatment in
recent years, has received extensive attention. Due to its remarkable curative effect and …

The tumor microenvironment demonstrates great immunophenotypic heterogeneity, which
has been leveraged in traditional immune-hot/cold tumor categorization based on the …

Cancer immunotherapy is a groundbreaking strategy that has revolutionized the field of
oncology compared to other therapeutic strategies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or …