El Niño–southern oscillation complexity

A Timmermann, SI An, JS Kug, FF **, W Cai… - Nature, 2018 - nature.com
El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and
weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are …

The defining characteristics of ENSO extremes and the strong 2015/2016 El Niño

A Santoso, MJ Mcphaden, W Cai - Reviews of Geophysics, 2017 - Wiley Online Library
The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

Understanding ENSO diversity

A Capotondi, AT Wittenberg… - Bulletin of the …, 2015 - journals.ametsoc.org
Abstract El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring mode of tropical
Pacific variability, with global impacts on society and natural ecosystems. While it has long …

Madden–Julian oscillation: Bridging weather and climate

C Zhang - Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2013 - journals.ametsoc.org
The Madden–Julian oscillation exerts broad influences on global weather and climate as its
center of convection moves from the tropical Indian Ocean into the Pacific. Weather events …

The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño

M Collins, SI An, W Cai, A Ganachaud, E Guilyardi… - Nature …, 2010 - nature.com
Abstract The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring fluctuation that
originates in the tropical Pacific region and affects ecosystems, agriculture, freshwater …

Strong influence of westerly wind bursts on El Niño diversity

D Chen, T Lian, C Fu, MA Cane, Y Tang… - Nature …, 2015 - nature.com
Despite the tremendous progress in the theory, observation and prediction of El Niño over
the past three decades, the classification of El Niño diversity and the genesis of such …

Greenhouse warming and internal variability increase extreme and central Pacific El Niño frequency since 1980

R Gan, Q Liu, G Huang, K Hu, X Li - Nature Communications, 2023 - nature.com
El Niño has been recorded to change its properties since the 1980s, characterized by more
common extreme El Niño and Central Pacific (CP) El Niño events. However, it is still unclear …

A continuing increase of the impact of the spring North Pacific meridional mode on the following winter El Niño and Southern Oscillation

Y Zheng, S Chen, W Chen, B Yu - Journal of Climate, 2023 - journals.ametsoc.org
This study reveals that the impact of the spring North Pacific meridional mode (PMM) on the
following-winter El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) shows a continuing increase in the …

Historical change of El Niño properties sheds light on future changes of extreme El Niño

B Wang, X Luo, YM Yang, W Sun, MA Cane… - Proceedings of the …, 2019 - pnas.org
El Niño's intensity change under anthropogenic warming is of great importance to society,
yet current climate models' projections remain largely uncertain. The current classification of …

ENSO diversity

A Capotondi, AT Wittenberg, JS Kug… - El Niño Southern …, 2020 - Wiley Online Library
ENSO events display large interevent differences in amplitude, spatial pattern, and temporal
evolution. The differences in spatial pattern, which have important consequences for ENSO …